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	<title>Ruling Imagination: Law and Creativity &#187; prosecution</title>
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	<link>http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman</link>
	<description>The ways law rules creative endeavors and the ways law itself is a creative endeavor</description>
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		<title>Those naive little innocents may be a lot smarter than you, Mr. Prosecutor.</title>
		<link>http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2009/11/those-naive-little-innocents-may-be-a-lot-smarter-than-you-mr-prosecutor/</link>
		<comments>http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2009/11/those-naive-little-innocents-may-be-a-lot-smarter-than-you-mr-prosecutor/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 17:34:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>pfriedman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[creativity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Law as a reflection of its society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Law Enforcement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[technology and law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[alibi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ars Technica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Facebook]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[prosecution]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2009/11/those-naive-little-innocents-may-be-a-lot-smarter-than-you-mr-prosecutor/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The range between online fluency and online ignorance is remarkable these days. It is largely, though certainly not entirely, generational. One example of this gap in fluency was the discovery by one of my more technically proficient students in a case we read in my Contracts course of ignorance regarding the technical implications of an online transaction. The ignorance, in my student&#8217;s opinion, undermined entirely the judge&#8217;s reasoning. Ars Technica brings<a href="http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2009/11/those-naive-little-innocents-may-be-a-lot-smarter-than-you-mr-prosecutor/">&#160;<b>Read more</b></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The range between online fluency and online ignorance is remarkable these days. It is largely, though certainly not entirely, generational. One example of this gap in fluency was the discovery by one of my more technically proficient students in a case we read in my Contracts course of ignorance regarding the technical implications of an online transaction. The ignorance, in my student&#8217;s opinion, undermined entirely the judge&#8217;s reasoning.</p>
<p><a href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/11/teens-facebook-update-gets-robbery-charges-dropped.ars" target="_blank">Ars Technica brings up another example</a>, this one perhaps disclosing the naivety of a prosecutor:</p>
<blockquote><p>Rodney Bradford, a 19-year-old Brooklyn resident, was arrested last month for allegedly robbing a man at gunpoint. This, in itself, was not a very newsworthy event—until his defense lawyer discovered that Bradford had made an update to his Facebook profile at the time of the robbery. Bradford had insisted that he was at his father&#8217;s Harlem apartment at the time, and that the update was made from there. When the district attorney verified the claims with Bradford&#8217;s father and stepmother and the IP information with Facebook, the charges against Bradford were dropped.</p></blockquote>
<p>But, of course, &#8220;it&#8217;s obvious to everyone . . . that the Facebook posting could have been made by someone else, and there would be no way to truly verify who was sitting in front of the computer at the time.&#8221; As John Jay College of Criminal Justice law instructor Joseph Pollini points out, it might not be sufficient for the prosecutor to shrug off the possibility simply because the alibi is a teenager&#8217;s &#8212; teenagers likely know better than anyone how to construct such alibis (and that older people often fail to see through them):</p>
<blockquote><p>Some of the brightest people on the Internet are teenagers. They know the Internet better than a lot of people. Why? Because they use it all the time.</p></blockquote>
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		<item>
		<title>Guilty until proven innocent</title>
		<link>http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2009/01/guilty-until-proven-innocent/</link>
		<comments>http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2009/01/guilty-until-proven-innocent/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 12 Jan 2009 16:27:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>pfriedman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Law Enforcement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lawyers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gerry Spence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Patrick Fitzgerald]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[presumption of innocence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[prosecution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rod Blagojevich]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/?p=1316</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Gerry Spence offers some much needed balance regarding Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich, Prosecutor Patrick Fitgerald, and the presumption of innocence: Our collective public mind has been molded by the movies and television to accept the notion that the common good permits, indeed, encourages cops and prosecutors to violate the law in order to protect us. We see the police battering down doors of suspects to illegally obtain evidence. We witness<a href="http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2009/01/guilty-until-proven-innocent/">&#160;<b>Read more</b></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://gerryspence.wordpress.com/2009/01/09/guilty-until-proven-innocent/" target="_blank">Gerry Spence offers some much needed balance</a> regarding Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich, Prosecutor Patrick Fitgerald, and the presumption of innocence:</p>
<blockquote><p>Our collective public mind has been molded by the movies and television to accept the notion that the common good permits, indeed, encourages cops and prosecutors to violate the law in order to protect us. We see the police battering down doors of suspects to illegally obtain evidence. We witness the cops bugging phones and forcing confessions. We want the police to win, because they are the heroes of the drama and such crimes are serious and threaten our security. But this sort of lawless bludgeoning of the law does terminal damage to our system of justice. By destroying the rights of any accused none of us are ever safe from the law that once stood to protect us.</p>
<p>Mr. Fitzgerald has selected and then dumped out pages of unsworn, untested, evidence before governor has even been charged. We already know that what the prosecutor provides is only part of the story, only the juiciest excerpts that will cause the governor the most harm. The grand jury has not yet met. Every potential member of the grand jury and later every trial juror who will sit in judgment of the governor has already been stained with prejudice against him. The presumption of innocence has been reduced to a cruel joke. Why have a trial? Mr. Fitzgerald has already convicted the governor in the media. One wonders if the government&#8217;s case is so legally flimsy that the prosecutor must revert to these tactics in order to assure a conviction.</p>
<p>. . . What we witness without a whimper from the media, the courts, or the bar is a prosecutor charged with the highest professional duty to see that every accused, no matter how guilty, obtains a fair trial, and who, instead, in this historical instant, has voluntarily taken steps to see that such a right becomes little more than a sad, distant echo of a justice system that once set the standard for the world.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>If criminals are criminals because they seek profit, what do you do if you want to prosecute people for acts they commit with no intent to make money?  You change the law.</title>
		<link>http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2008/11/if-criminals-are-criminals-because-they-seek-profit-what-do-you-do-if-you-want-to-prosecute-people-for-acts-they-commit-with-no-intent-to-make-money-you-change-the-law/</link>
		<comments>http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2008/11/if-criminals-are-criminals-because-they-seek-profit-what-do-you-do-if-you-want-to-prosecute-people-for-acts-they-commit-with-no-intent-to-make-money-you-change-the-law/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 10 Nov 2008 10:26:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>pfriedman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[The evolution of law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[changing law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[criminal copyright infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[criminal intent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[prosecution]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/?p=808</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Back in May of 2001, two federal prosecutors wrote &#8220;Novel Criminal Copyright Infringement Issues Related to the Internet&#8221; (David Goldstone and Michael O&#8217;Leary, USA Bulletin, May 2001) to provide Department of Justice (DOJ) lawyers with guidance in prosecuting criminal copyright infringement  cases.  The memorandum is already so dated that much of its discussion seem almost naive (about, for example, the online posting of copyrighted materials).  Nevertheless, it points out one<a href="http://blogs.geniocity.com/friedman/2008/11/if-criminals-are-criminals-because-they-seek-profit-what-do-you-do-if-you-want-to-prosecute-people-for-acts-they-commit-with-no-intent-to-make-money-you-change-the-law/">&#160;<b>Read more</b></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Back in May of 2001, two federal prosecutors wrote &#8220;<a href="http://www.cybercrime.gov/usamay2001_5.htm">Novel Criminal Copyright Infringement Issues Related to the Internet&#8221; (David Goldstone and Michael O&#8217;Leary, USA Bulletin, May 2001)</a> to provide Department of Justice (DOJ) lawyers with guidance in prosecuting criminal copyright infringement  cases.  The memorandum is already so dated that much of its discussion seem almost naive (about, for example, the online posting of copyrighted materials).  Nevertheless, it points out one more way that the change of the material reality governed by the law requires changes in the law.  Typically, non-violent crimes are illicit efforts to make money.  Thus, criminal statutes against non-violent crimes almost always require prosecutors to prove the defendants intended to profit from their allegedly illegal activities.  But, as the DOJ memorandum points out, the law relating to online copyright infringement needed to be changed because of a remarkable new wrinkle: many defendants committing their alleged acts of criminal copyright infringement via the internet do so without any intention or hope of gain:</p>
<blockquote><p>Infringement without profit      motive is far more common in cases of Internet-based copyright infringement      than it is in the physical world. Until recently, the prosecution was required      to prove that copyright infringement was done willfully and for commercial      advantage or private financial gain. Now the law provides for prosecution      in the absence of these monetary considerations.</p></blockquote>
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